This website is based on the following publication, updated and corrected to reflect new developments in the field.
Since Laures (1957), nearly seventy years ago, there has been no attempt by English-language publications to provide a comprehensive, detailed, and up-to-date list indicating known copies of prints from the Jesuit mission press in Japan (and related materials), and their current locations. More recent overviews are available in Japanese, especially in the detailed appendix to Toyoshima (2013). Apart from the issue of accessibility to Anglophone scholars, there are two main reasons why it seems worthwhile to provide an updated list in the following—that such a list has grown since Laures (1957), and that the digitization of such texts has progressed since Toyoshima (2013).
First, a number of significant additions to the list of known prints and manuscripts have been made in recent years, not only between Laures (1957) and Toyoshima (2013), but also in the last decade. With regard to printed works, these fall into three broad categories: titles previously unknown to academia; titles known to academia but previously of unknown whereabouts; and previously unknown additional copies of known titles. In the first category, the only now-known printed works not listed at all in Laures (1957) are the Compendium manualis Nauarri (1597), found in 1985 (Yagi 1986), and an earlier edition of the Confessionarium ([1595?]; incipit: Konfisan o yoku mōsu yō), identified in 2021 (Osterkamp 2022, 2023b, Kishimoto, Shirai & Orii 2024). There are a greater number of texts that fall into the second category—texts whose existence had been known of, but whose whereabouts had been unknown until their recent resurfacing. The Fidesno quiǒ (1611) had been known to Laures, but only became readily available to scholars after it was rediscovered at Harvard’s Houghton Library in 2009 (Orii, Shirai & Toyoshima 2011). Similarly, in 2016, the previously lost Exercitia spiritualia (1596) was found to be at the Biblioteka Śląska (Pawłowicz 2016). The copies of Compendium spiritualis doctrinae (1596) and Spiritual xuguiǒ (1607) that came into the possession of Sophia University in 2018 (Kawamura 2018, Kōso 2018), as well as the Vocabulario da lingoa de Iapam (1603) and the Supplemento deste vocabulario (1604), offered by Aobane Antiquarian Bookshop, may also be counted among previously known prints that have resurfaced. In the third category, previously unknown additional copies of known works, recent years have seen the discovery of a copy of the Contemptus mundi jenbu (1596) at Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel (2017; Triplett 2018, Kishimoto & Shirai 2019), a copy of the Vocabulario da lingoa de Iapam (1603) at the Biblioteca Nacional in Rio de Janeiro (2018; Tashiro & Shirai 2020), and a copy of the Sanctos no gosagueô (1591) at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (2021; Orii 2021).
With regard to manuscripts, the most substantial discoveries since Laures (1957) concern the Compendia of philosophy, theology and cosmology. The original Latin version had been known since Schütte (1939), whereas manuscripts of the Japanese translation were found only much later. In addition to the manuscript at Magdalen College, Oxford, which was identified in 1995 and covers the first two parts (Üçerler 1997, p. 12), another somewhat later manuscript covering all three parts was identified at Herzog August Bibliothek in 2019 (Osterkamp 2020, 2023a, Hiraoka 2023).
Second, recent years have seen steady progress being made in the digitization of such materials, especially of items in European collections. Some digital copies available online were already noted in the inventory in Toyoshima (2013), and more were noted in Kishimoto & Shirai (2022), but the number of digitized copies is still growing. In the interest of research, it may be hoped that progress here will soon render the present list incomplete in this respect as well.
This hand-list is divided into three sections, covering (1) prints of the Jesuit mission press, as well as print-related manuscripts; (2) prints from Manila, Rome, and Mexico, by Dominican and Franciscan missionaries, as well as related manuscripts; and (3) further manuscripts, largely limited to digitized ones. The arrangement within each of these sections follows Laures (1957: ‘L’) and the appendix in Toyoshima (2013) with its list of prints (pp. 1–6: ‘T’) and manuscripts (pp. 6–7: ‘T’’). Whenever possible, a reference to these two lists—complemented by Jose (2023: ‘J’) for the earliest prints from Manila—is given at the beginning of each item. Thus, for example, ‘L2’ refers to no. 2 in Laures, ‘T2’ to no. 2 in Toyoshima, ‘J40’ to no. 40 in Jose. Items missing in either or both of the two main inventories are marked by ‘*L’ and ‘*T’, respectively. This is followed, where applicable, by an indication of the year and place of production, as well as an indication of the script used: For items that are entirely in Japanese, or at least contain substantial amounts of Japanese text, ‘[R]’ and ‘[J]’ indicate that they are rendered in Roman script or Japanese script, respectively.
Titles are abbreviated, with portions in bold corresponding to already established or suggested short titles to be used. For works without a title proper, such as the earlier Jesuit prints in Japanese script, the incipit is given instead. Wherever titles and incipits in Japanese script are romanized without a model in the works themselves, the result is given in square brackets. The known copies of each item are listed by holding library in alphabetical order, preceded by an indication of whether they are listed by Laures, Toyoshima, or, for the Manila prints, Jose. For details concerning the holding libraries, see the list of abbreviations at the end. Note, however, that for some less rare items for which numerous copies are preserved, no attempt has been made to list all known copies.
Special attention is required for the titles of Sanctos no gosagueô (1591), Racuyôxǔ (1598), Rǒyei zafit (1600), Spiritual xuguiǒ (1607), and Fidesno quiǒ (1611). To take the second of these as a representative example: In the work itself, the title is only given in majuscules as ‘RACVYOXV’, whereas ‘Racuyôxǔ’ is nowhere to be found, as such. However, diacritics are compulsorily added to minuscules in the prints of the mission press, but generally dropped in the case of majuscules,* such that <O> and <V> may correspond to any letter of the sets <o, ǒ, ô> and <v, u, ǔ(, û)>, respectively (<C> similarly corresponds to <c, ç>). Put differently, both ‘Racuyôxǔ’ and ‘Racuyoxu’ (among other theoretically possible options) are the result of deliberate choices for both instances of <V>, and the single one of <O>−neither is a neutral re-rendering of ‘RACVYOXV’. As only ‘Racuyôxǔ’ conforms to the Jesuits’ spelling practices in minuscules, whilst ‘Racuyoxu’ does not, the former is to be preferred. The same reasoning applies to gosagueô (‘GOSAGVEO’), Rǒyei (‘ROYEI’), xuguiǒ (‘XVGVIO’), and quiǒ (‘QVIO’).
[* A rare exception to this general rule is found on the title page of Fides no dǒxi (1592), which has “DǑXI” instead of the otherwise expected ‘DOXI’. Similar exceptions are also found for portions of text in Portuguese, such as “IRMAÕS” and “LICENÇA” on the title page of Vocabulario da lingoa de Iapam (1603), and again “LICENÇA” on that of Arte da lingoa de Iapam (1604).]
[L2, T2] 1586, Lisbon: Catechismus Christianae fidei, in quo veritas nostrae religionis ostenditur, & sectae Iaponenses confutantur, editus à Patre Alexandro Valignano societatis Iesu.
[L3, T3] 1588, Goa: Oratio habita à Fara D. Martino Iaponio, suo & sociorũ nomine, cùm ab Europa redirẽt, ad Patrẽ Alexãdrũ Valignanũ Visitatorẽ Societatis Iesu, Goae in D. Pauli Collegio, pridie Non. Iunij, Anno Domini 1587.
[L4, T4] 1588, Macao: Christiani pueri institutio, adolescentiaeque perfugium: autore Ioanne Bonifacio Societatis Iesu. cum libri unius, & rerũ accessione plurimarũ.
[L5, T5] 1590, Macao: De missione legatorum Iaponensium ad Romanam curiam, rebusq; in Europa, ac toto itinere animaduersis dialogus ex ephemeride ipsorum legatorum collectus, & in sermonem Latinum versus ab Eduardo de Sande Sacerdote Societatis Iesu.
(numerous copies known, only digitized copies are listed below)
[L6, T6–7] [1590] [J]: Four fragments in katakana.
[L7, T8] [1591] [J]: Prayer leaf in hiragana (Pater noster, Ave Maria, Credo).
[L8, T9] [1591, Kazusa?] [J]: [Dochirīna no jo] どちりいなの序 (= incipit; frontispiece: “Ego sum via et veritas et vita”).—Also: [Dochirīna Kirishitan] どちりいなきりしたん (cf. preface, 2r).
fragments
manuscript copy
[*L, *T] [1591], Kazusa [J]: [Anyusu Dei no kuriki no shidai] [あにゆすて]いの功力の次第
[L9, T10] 1591, Kazusa [R]: (vol. 1:) Sanctos no gosagueô no vchi nuqigaqi quan dai ichi. / (vol. 2:) Sanctos no go saguiô no vchi nuqigaqi.
[L10, T11] 1592, Amakusa [R]: Nippon no Iesus no Companhia no Superior yori Christan ni sǒtǒ no cotouari uo tagaino mondǒ no gotoqu xidai uo vacachi tamǒ Doctrina. — Also: Doctrina Christan.*
[* While the title page merely reads “Doctrina”, and not ‘Doctrina Christan’, the running title on pp. 2–100 reads “Doctrina” and “Christan” on even and odd pages, respectively. This may thus be taken to be the intended title.]
[L11, T12] 1592, Amakusa [R]: Fides no dǒxi to xite P. F. Luis de Granada amaretaru xo no riacu. Core uo Companhia no Superiores no go saicacu vomotte Nippon no cotoba ni vasu. — Also: Xinjin rocu [Shinjinroku 信心録].*
[* The alternative title “Xinjin rocu” is found as the running title on even pages (pp. 2–618).]
[L12, T13] [1593, Amakusa?] [J]: [Bauchizumo no sazukeyō to byōja ni penitenshiya o susumuru kyōke no koto] ばうちずもの授けやうとびやうじやにへにてんしやをす〻むるけうけの事 (= incipit).
[L13, T14] 1592, Amakusa [R]: Nifon no cotoba to Historia uo narai xiran to fossuru fito no tameni xeua ni yauaraguetaru Feiqe no monogatari.
[ditto] 1593, Amakusa [R]: Esopo no fabulas. Latinuo vaxite Nippon no cuchito nasu mono nari.
[ditto] 1593, [Amakusa] [R]: Xixo, Xixxo nadono vchiyori nuqi idaxi, qincuxǔto nasu mono nari. Vôcata soresoreni chǔsuru mono nari.—Also: Qincuxǔ [Kinkushū 金句集].
[L14, T15] 1594, Amakusa [R]: Emmanuelis Alvari e Societate Iesu De institutione grammatica libri tres. Coniugationibus accessit interpretatio Iapponica.
[L15, T16] 1595 Amakusa [R]: Dictionarium Latino Lusitanicum, ac Iaponicum ex Ambrosii Calepini volumine depromptum.
manuscript copy
[*L, *T] [1595?, Amakusa?] [J]: [Konfisan o yoku mōsu yō to mata zensa ni hi o okuru beki gi o oshiyuru koto] こんひさんをよく申やうと又善作に日を〻くるべき儀ををしゆる事 (= incipit; frontispiece: “Salvator mundi”).*
[* On the treatment of ‘Salvator mundi’ as the title of the book, see below on the Confessionarium (1598).]
[L16, T17] 1596, [Amakusa?] [R]: Contemptus mundi jenbu. Core youo[ ]itoi, Iesu Christono gocǒxeqiuo manabi tatematçuru michiuo voxiyuru qiǒ.
[L17, T18] 1596, Amakusa: Exercitia spiritualia Ignatij de Loyola.
[L18, T19] 1596, [Amakusa?]: Compendium spiritualis doctrinae ex varijs Sanctorum Patrum sententijs magnà ex parte collectum.
[* A note says: “El libro es fotocopia, no tenemos el original”. See https://biblioteca.agustinosvalladolid.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=141153 (consulted 12 Sept 2023).]
fragment
[*L, T20] 1597, [Amakusa?]: Compendium manualis Nauarri. Ad commodiorem vsum tum confessariorum, tum poenitentium confectum.
[L19, T21] 1598, [Nagasaki?] [J]: Confessionarium. (frontispiece: “Salvator mundi”)*
[* The inscription “Salvator mundi” has commonly—but erroneously, in the view of Ebisawa (1991, pp. 179–180)—been treated as the title of the 1598 edition, and, by extension, is also already found with reference to the earlier [1595?] edition. There are good reasons to side with Ebisawa, and doubt that “Salvator mundi” is the title.
First, if we consider the title pages of Jesuit prints from Japan in general, we notice that: 1a) the earlier prints in Japanese all lack a clear-cut title page, and 1b) the page stating “Salvator mundi” does not provide the information that one would expect of a title page in Roman script, as a comparison with all extant examples shows. Furthermore, 1c) the later edition of 1598 does have an actual title page, indicating not only the publisher and the year of publication, for example, but also its title: Confessionarium. This designation is much more in line with the content of the work than “Salvator mundi”.
Second, we note that “Salvator mundi” was not interpreted as its title in premodern times: 2a) When the earlier edition was catalogued in Utrecht, a description, “Compendium doctrinae Christianae lingua et charactere Japonico” (‘A compendium of Christian doctrine in Japanese language and script’), was used in place of a title, as no actual title was found; it is inconceivable that the page stating “Salvator mundi” was simply overlooked. 2b) Similarly, when Bernard Petitjean (1829–1884) published a re-edition of the 1598 version in 1869, he gave it an entirely new Japanese title: Toga-nozoki kisoku 科除規則 (also とがのぞき規則, とが除き規則, Rules for the Removal of Sin), corresponding not to “Salvator mundi”, but to Confessionarium.]
[L20, T22] 1598, [Nagasaki?] [J]: Racuyôxǔ. | [Rakuyōshū] 落葉集
[T23] fragments
[L21, T24] 1599, [Nagasaki?] [J]: Guia do pecador. | [Giya do pekadoru] きやとへかとる
[T25] fragments
manuscript copy
[L22, T26] 1600, [Nagasaki?] [R]: Doctrina Christan.
[L23, T27] 1600, Nagasaki [J]: Doctrina Christam. | [Dochirina Kirishitan] どちりなきりしたん
[L24, T28] 1600, Nagasaki [J]: Doctrinae Christianae rudimenta, cum alijs pijs Orationibus. | [Orashiyo (or Orasho) no hon’yaku] おらしよの飜訳
manuscript copy
[L25, T29] 1600, [Nagasaki?] [J]: Rǒyei zafit. | [Wakan rōei shū] 倭漢朗詠集 巻之上
[L26, T30] 1603, [Nagasaki?]: Aphorismi confessariorum ex doctorum sententijs collecti.
[L27, T31] 1603, Nagasaki [R]: Vocabulario da lingoa de Iapam com a declaração em Portugues, feito por alguns padres, e irmaõs da Companhia de Iesu.
[ditto] 1604, Nagasaki [R]: Supplemento deste vocabulario impresso no mesmo Collegio da Cõpanhia de Jesu com a sobredita licença, & approuação.
manuscript copy
manuscript precursors
[L28, T32] 1604–08, Nagasaki [R]: Arte da lingoa de Iapam composta pello Padre Ioão Rodriguez Portugues da Cõpanhia de Iesu diuidida em tres livros.
[L29, T33] 1605, Nagasaki [R]: Manuale ad sacramenta ecclesiae ministranda. D. Ludouici Cerqueira Japonensis Episcopi opera ad vsum sui cleri ordinatum.
fragments
[L30, T35] 1607, Nagasaki [R]: Spiritual xuguiǒno tameni yerabi atçumuru xuquanno Manual. Core Iesusno Companhiani voite amitatçuru mono nari.
manuscript copies
[L31, T36] 1610, Nagasaki: Flosculi ex veteris, ac novi testamenti s. doctorum, et jnsignium philosophorum floribus selecti.
[L32, T37] 1610, Kyōto [J]: Contemptus mundi. | [Kontemutsusu munji] こんてむつすむんぢ
[L33, T38] 1611, Nagasaki [J]: Fidesno quiǒ | [Fidesu no kyō] ひてすの経
[L34, T39] [ca. 1611–12] [J]: [Taiheiki nukigaki] 太平記抜書—Also: Taifeiqui (cf. “Approvaçam”).
[T40] fragments
[L35, T41] 1620, Macao [R]: Arte breve da lingoa Iapoa tirada da arte grande da mesma lingoa, pera os que começam a aprender os primeiros principios della.
manuscript copy
[L51, J40] 1622, Manila [R]: Virgen S. Mariano tattoqi Rosario no xuguiǒto, vonajiqu Iesusno minano Cofradiani ataru riacuno qirocu.
[L52, J41] 1623, Manila [R]: Virgen S. Mariano Tattoqi Rosariono Iardin tote fanazoni [!] tatoyuru qio. Vonajiqu Iesusno Cofradiano Regimientono Riacu.
[J42] [1623, Manila] [R]: Luzonni voite aru fito sucaxono teuo voi yagate xixezu xite canauazarixi teitarito iyedomo, tattoqi Rosariono goqidocunite inochiuo nobetamǒ coto.
[J43] 1623, Manila [R]: Vareraga võaruji Iesu Christo S. Brigida, S. Isabel, S. Mitildesni tçuguetamǒ vonmino goPassiõno voncuruximino iroxinano coto.
[L53] 1630, Manila [R]: Vocabulario de Iapon declarado primero en Portugues por los padres de la Compañia de Iesus de aquel reyno, y agora en Castellano en el Colegio de Santo Thomas de Manila.
(numerous copies known,18 only digitized copies are listed below)
[L54] 1632, Rome [R]: Ars grammaticae Iaponicae linguae in gratiam et adiutorium eorum, qui praedicandi Euangelij causa ad Iaponiae Regnum se voluerint conferre.
(numerous copies known, only digitized copies are listed below)
manuscript precursors
[L55] 1632, Rome [R]: Modus confitendi et examinandi poenitentem Iaponensem, formula suamet lingua Iaponica.
(numerous copies known, only digitized copies are listed below)
[L56] 1632, Rome [R]: Dictionarium sive thesauri linguae Iaponicae compendium.
(numerous copies known, only digitized copies are listed below)
manuscript precursor
[L57] 1738, Mexico [R]: Arte de la lengua japona, dividido en quatro libros segun el arte de Nebrixa.
(numerous copies known, only digitized copies are listed below)
[L37 (no. 3), T’4–5]: Compendia of philosophy, theology, and cosmology.
Latin version
Japanese version [J]
[L41, T’2] [R]: Miscellany by Manoel Barreto, also: Barreto codex (Bareto shahon バレト写本).
[L49, *T’] [J]: Copy of a psalter (Yasokyō shakyō 耶蘇教写経, also: Kitō-sho 祈祷書).
[*L, T’1] [J]: Documents from the Évora folding screen.
[*L, T’8] [R]: Manoel Barreto, Vocabulario Lusitanico Latino (1607).
[*L, *T’] [R]: Vocabulario da lingua Portugueza.
[*L, *T’] [J]: Two Psalm verses in Latin, with partial Japanese translation (1585).
[*L, *T’] [J, R]: Album amicorum of Johannes Baptista Stalpart van der Wiele (1579–1630), entry in Latin and Japanese by Thomas Araki (c. 1610)—see Osterkamp (2024).
[*L, *T’] [J]: Miscellaneous letters.
ACL = Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Lisbon
AFIO = Archivo Franciscano Ibero-Oriental, Madrid
AGS = Archivo General de Simancas
Ajuda = Biblioteca Nacional da Ajuda, Lisbon
Alessandrina = Biblioteca Universitaria Alessandrina, Rome
Ambrosiana = Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan
Amsterdam = Bibliotheek Universiteit van Amsterdam
Angelica = Biblioteca Angelica, Rome
ARSI = Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu, Rome
Augsburg = Staats- und Stadtbibliothek, Augsburg
AUST = Archivo de la Universidad de Santo Tomás, Manila
Ávila = Archivo Provincial Dominicos de Ávila
BAV = Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican City
Beinecke = Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven
Beitang = Beitang (Pei-t’ang) collection, National Library of China 中国国家图书馆, Beijing
Besson = The Max Besson Library of “Japonica” Collection ベッソン・コレクション, University of Tsukuba Library 筑波大学附属図書館
BL = British Library, London
BNCF = Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze, Florence
BNCR = Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma, Rome
BNE = Biblioteca Nacional de España, Madrid
BnF = Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
BNM = Biblioteca Nacional de México, Mexico City
BNN = Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli, Naples
BNP = Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, Lisbon
Bodleian = Bodleian Library, Oxford
BPEC = Biblioteca Pública del Estado "A. Rodríguez-Moñino/M. Brey", Cáceres
Braidense = Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense, Milan
BSB = Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich
Casanatense = Biblioteca Casanatense, Rome
COLMEX = Colegio de México, Mexico City
Complutense = Biblioteca Complutense, Madrid
DKB = Det Kgl. Bibliotek, Copenhagen
Escorial = Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial
Évora = Biblioteca Pública de Évora
Gorki = Gorki Library, St. Petersburg
HAB = Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel
Houghton = Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
Institut = Bibliothèque de l’Institut, Paris
Jagiellonian = Jagiellonian Library, Kraków
JCBL = John Carter Brown Library, Providence, RI
KB = Kirishitan bunko キリシタン文庫, Sophia University 上智大学, Tokyo
KBN = Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague
Leiden = Universiteit Leiden
Liceu = Liceu Passos Manuel, Lisbon
Lilly = Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
Lindesiana = Bibliotheca Lindesiana
Magdalen = Magdalen College, Oxford
Marciana = Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Venice
Manuel = II King Manuel II, Fundação da Casa de Bragança, Vila Viçosa
Mexico = Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico City
ÖNB = Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna
OPCL = Osaka Prefectural Central Library 大阪府立中央図書館, Ōsaka
Ōura = Ōura Cathedral 大浦天主堂, Nagasaki
Porto = Biblioteca Pública Municipal do Porto
RAH = Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid
Rio = Biblioteca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro
Salamanca = Universidad de Salamanca
Sevilla = Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla
SJ = Japan Society of Jesus Japan Province イエズス会日本管区, Tokyo
SOAS = School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
TB = Tōyō bunko 東洋文庫, Tokyo
Tenri = Tenri Central Library 天理図書館
TNM = Tokyo National Museum 東京国立博物館
Tokugawa = Tokugawa Museum 徳川ミュージアム, Mito
Toulouse = Bibliothèque de Toulouse
UST = University of Santo Tomas, Manila
Utrecht = Utrecht University Library
Valladolid = Augustinian convent, Valladolid